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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology

arXiv:2603.25171 (gr-qc)

[Submitted on 26 Mar 2026]

Title:Sign Errors in "The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics"

Authors:Richard P. Behiel

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Abstract:In 1973, Bardeen, Cater, and Hawking published "The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics", establishing the mathematical framework that would later be understood as the thermodynamics of black holes. Central to the paper is equation (33), which writes the variation of the total energy-momentum integral in terms of physically meaningful quantities: angular momentum, particle number, and entropy. Equation (33) feeds into the differential mass formula, equation (34), which is the first law of black hole mechanics. This note identifies two compensating sign errors in the BCH paper. The first error, demonstrated by a derivation from equation (32), is that equations (33) and (34) should carry minus signs rather than plus signs on the last two integrals, those involving the redshifted chemical potential and the redshifted temperature. he second error is that the definitions of total particle number N and total entropy S given after equation (20) are missing minus signs that are required for these quantities to be positive. These two errors cancel, in that reversing the signs in the definitions of N and S to ensure positive quantities makes equations (33) and (34) correct.

All conclusions of the BCH paper remain valid. This note is intended merely as a guide for readers who, in working through the derivation step by step, might otherwise be puzzled by the sign discrepancies. Numbered equations refer to the BCH paper; lettered equations are introduced in this note.

Comments:

5 pages

Subjects:

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc)

Cite as:

arXiv:2603.25171 [gr-qc]

(or
arXiv:2603.25171v1 [gr-qc] for this version)

https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.25171

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arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration)

Submission history
From: Richard Behiel [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 26 Mar 2026 08:44:54 UTC (275 KB)

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